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Mode of Action Video – Glossary

Absorption: The movement of a chemical into plants, animals (including humans), microorganisms, or soil.

ACCase Inhibitors: Mainly kill grasses. This enzyme helps the formation of lipids or fats in the roots of grass plants. Without lipids, susceptible weeds die.

Acaricide: A pesticide used to control mites and ticks. A miticide is a type of acaricide.

Acidic: Having a pH less than 7.

Action Threshold: A predetermined level of pest infestation or damage at which some type of pest management action must be taken.

Activator: An adjuvant added to a pesticide to increase its toxicity.

Adsorption: The process whereby chemicals are held or bound to a surface by physical or chemical attraction. Clay and high-organic soils tend to adsorb pesticides.

Aerosol: A chemical stored in a container under pressure. An extremely fine mist is produced when the material, dissolved in a liquid, is released into the air.

Algaecide: Pesticide used to kill or inhibit algae.

Antibiotics: Chemical produced by a microorganism that is toxic to other microorganisms.

Anticoagulant: A chemical that prevents normal blood clotting; the active ingredient in some rodenticides.

Attractant: A substance or device to lure insects or other pests to a trap or poison bait.

Avicide: A chemical used to kill or repel birds.

Bactericides: Chemical used to control bacteria.

Bait: A food or other substance used to attract a pest to a pesticide or a trap.

Bioaccumulation: The ability of organisms to accumulate or store chemicals in their tissues.

Biological Control: The control of pests using predators, parasites, and disease-causing organisms. It may be naturally occurring or introduced.

Biological Degradation: The breakdown of chemicals due to the activity of living organisms, especially bacteria and fungi in the soil.

Biomagnification: Process whereby some organisms accumulate chemical residues in higher concentrations than those found in the organisms they consume.

Biopesticide: A pesticide derived from naturally occurring materials.

Botanical Pesticide: A pesticide produced from naturally occurring chemicals in plants. Examples: nicotine, pyrethrum, and rotenone.

Broad Spectrum Pesticides: Kill or harm a wide variety of organisms, both beneficial and harmful pests, and then there are those that target a specific trait in a pest.

Carbamates: A group of pesticides commonly used for control of insects, mites, fungi, and weeds. N-methyl carbamate insecticides, miticides, and nematicides are cholinesterase inhibitors.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon: A pesticide containing chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen. Many are persistent in the environment. Examples: chlordane, DDT, methoxychlor. Also called ORGANOCHLORINES.

Chlorosis: The yellowing of a plant’s normally green tissue.

Cholinesterase: A chemical catalyst (enzyme) found in humans and many other animals that regulates the activity of nerve impulses by deactivating the chemical neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Contact Mode of Action: Pesticides do not penetrate the host while controlling the pests. It acts as a barrier or repellent in a plant, or by killing any green tissue present.

Defoliant: A chemical that initiates the premature drop of leaves, often as an aid in harvesting a crop.

Desiccant: A pesticide that causes death to plants or pests by drying them out.

Disinfectants: Are pesticides that remove germs, also, commonly refers to chemicals used to clean or surface sterilize inanimate objects.

Electron Inhibitors: Are pesticides that stop the transport of electrons with in a plant.

Enzyme Blockers: (or ALS Inhibitors) Are chemicals that block the normal function of an enzyme called acetolactate synthase or ALS. This enzyme is essential in amino acid or protein synthesis. Without proteins, plants starve to death. Enzyme blockers kill a wide range of plants including broadleaf weeds, nutsedges, and grasses.

Enzyme Inhibitors: Break down and disrupt or inactivate the structure of proteins and enzymes leading to a loss of function.

Foliar: Pesticide applications to the leaves of plants.

Fungi(fungus): A multicellular lower plant lacking chlorophyll, such as a mold, mildew, or plant rust.

Fungicides: Inhibit fungal growth by interfering with cellular development. Many work by damaging cell membranes, stopping or halting critical enzymes or proteins, or interrupting various metabolic processes such as respiration.

Growth regulators: Commonly referred to as synthetic auxins are chemicals that mimic natural plant hormones and interrupt plant cell growth in newly forming stems and leaves. They affect protein production and normal cell division, leading to malformed growth. They also kill plants by causing the cells in the tissues that carry water and nutrients to divide and grow without stopping. Often called “growing itself to death,” which is seen by one side of the stem being longer than the other.

Herbicide: A pesticide used to control weeds.

Host: A plant or animal on or in which a pest lives and feeds.

Inhibitors: Stop cells from dividing at the nuclear level preventing RNA or DNA from constructing.

Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis: Include several types of antibacterial agents. These target bacterial protein synthesis by binding to various ribosomes. This results in the disruption of bacteria’s normal cellular metabolism and consequently leads to the death of the organism or the stopping of its growth.

Inhibitors of Bacterial Wall Synthesis: Are drugs that target cell walls selectively killing or inhibiting bacterial organisms.

Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis: Don’t allow DNA to synthesize. Work by binding to components involved in the process of DNA or RNA synthesis and cause interference of the normal cellular processes and ultimately compromise bacterial multiplication and survival.

Insect Growth Regulators: Inhibit the normal life cycle of insects by copying one of these hormones, directly interrupting cuticle development, or loss in fat building. These would make insects die from staying in the immature life stage indefinitely.

Insecticides: Control insects and other arthropods.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM): The use of all suitable pest control methods to keep pest populations below the economic injury level. Methods include cultural practices; use of biological, physical, and genetic control agents; and the selective use of pesticides.

Larvicide: A pesticide used to kill insect larvae. Commonly used to control mosquito and black fly larvae.
Metamorphosis: A change in the shape, size, and/or form of animals as they develop from eggs through adults.

Midgut Poisons: Are poisons that attack the guts of insects via protein toxins leading to unbalanced ions, or salts and other minerals, and septicemia, or blood poisoning.

Miticide: A pesticide used to control mites.

Mode of Action: The way a pesticide exerts a toxic effect on the target plant, animal or microorganism and can be divided into two categories: systemic, and contact.

Molluscicide: A chemical used to control snails and slugs.

Molting: In invertebrates such as insects, spiders, and mites, the process of shedding the outer body covering or exoskeleton. Molting takes place to allow the animal to grow larger.

Mutagen: A substance or agent able to cause genetic changes in living cells.

Narrow-Spectrum Pesticide: A pesticide that is effective against only one or a few species of pests; the term is usually associated with insecticides and fungicides.

Necrosis: The death of plant or animal tissues that results in the formation of discolored, sunken, and dead (necrotic) areas.

Nematicide: A pesticide used to control nematodes.

Nematode: Elongated, cylindrical, non-segmented worms. Nematodes are commonly microscopic, some are parasites of plant animals.

Nerve and Muscle Poisons: Disrupt, inhibit, block, terminate or activate various channels, enzymes and receptors within the pests. This results in a range of symptoms such as paralysis, hyper excitation, system shutdowns and overly stimulated muscle contraction.

Neurotoxin: A substance or agent able to cause disorders of the nervous system.

Non-Selective Pesticide: A pesticide that is toxic to a wide range of plants or animals without regard to species. For example, a non-selective herbicide can kill or damage all plants it contacts.

Non-Specific Target Insecticides: Known to affect less well-described target-sites or functions, or to act non-specifically on multiple targets.

Organophosphates: A large group of pesticides that contain the element phosphorus. Most are non-persistent insecticides, miticides, and nematicides. Many are highly toxic

Oncogen: A substance or agent able to induce tumors (not necessarily cancerous) in living tissues.

Ovicide: A material that destroys eggs.

Pest: An undesirable organism (insect, bacterium, fungus, nematode, weed, virus, rodent) that is injurious to humans, desirable plants and animals, manufactured products, or natural products.

Pesticide Resistance Strategy: Prevent resistance by monitoring the pests for changes in population densities, focusing on economic injury levels and integrating multiple control strategies.

Pesticides: Are chemicals used to control a pest.

Pheromone: A substance emitted by an animal to influence the behavior of other animals of the same species. Some are synthetically produced for use in insect traps.

Photosynthetic Inhibitors: Are chemicals that interfere with photosynthesis, a plants natural ability to make food, and disrupt plant growth, ultimately leading to death.

Piscicide: A chemical used to control pest fish.

Pigment inhibitors: (bleachers) Herbicides that interrupt the chlorophyll production in the plant turning the plant tissue white and interrupting photosynthesis.

Plant Growth Regulator (PGR): A pesticide used to regulate or alter the normal growth of plants or the development of their plant parts.

Predacide: A pesticide used to control predaceous animals, usually mammals.

Pyrethroid: A synthetic insecticide that mimics pyrethrin, a naturally occurring pesticide derived from certain species of chrysanthemum flowers.

Resistance: When a population of organisms that are uninjured or unaffected by a certain dosage of pesticide chemical used to successfully control populations of the same organisms.

Repellents: Are pesticides that repel pests. Respirators: inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase, and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient or Mitochondrial complex electron transport inhibitors.

Rodenticide: A substance designed to kill a rodent.

Seed Protectant: A pesticide applied to seeds before planting to protect them from insects, fungi, and other soil pests.

Selective Pesticide: A pesticide that is toxic to some pests but has little or no effect on other similar species. Example: some fungicides are so selective that they control only powdery mildews and no other fungi.

Silvicide: A herbicide used to destroy brush and trees.

Sterilant: A pesticide that prevents pests from reproducing.

Sterol Synthesis Inhibitors: Stop the process that produces ergosterol. This is similar to cholesterol in humans and most fungi need this or membrane structure and function.

Systemic Mode of Action: The pesticide penetrating the plant or animal and translocating within its systems with the intent to kill the leaves and root system or protect it from bacteria, viruses or other pests.

Target: The plants, animals, structures, areas, or pests at which the control method is directed.

Termiticide: An insecticide used to control termites.

Tolerance: The maximum amount of a pesticide residue that may legally remain on or in food or feed commodities at harvest or slaughter.

Tolerant: A characteristic of organisms that are able to withstand a certain degree of stress such as weather, pesticides, or attack by a pest.

 

Route of Entry Video – Glossary

Absorbent: The movement of a chemical into plants, animals (including humans), microorganisms, or soil.

Active ingredient: The chemical or chemicals in a product responsible for pesticidal activity.

Acute Effect: An illness that occurs shortly after exposure to a pesticide.

Acute Exposure: Is caused by a single, one-time exposure event, showing up within seconds or minutes of exposure.

Acute Onset: The commencement of symptoms of pesticide-related injury that appear soon after the exposure incident.

Allergic Effects /Allergy: A hypersensitivity to a specific substance, often called the allergen. An allergy may cause dermatitis, blisters, or hives; it could also cause illness, asthma, or life-threatening shock. Often the entire body is affected. Pesticide allergy symptoms are similar to other allergy symptoms—reddening and itching of the eyes, respiratory discomfort, and asthma-like symptoms.

Anticoagulant: Any substance that prevents the clotting of blood.

Antidotes: Are available for a few classes of pesticides here, such as anticoagulant type.

Atropine (Atropine Sulfate): An antidote used to treat organophosphate and carbamate poisoning.

Brand Name: The registered or trade name, number, or designation given to a specific pesticide product or device by the manufacturer or formulator.

Carbamates: A group of pesticides commonly used for control of insects, mites, fungi, and weeds. N-methyl carbamate insecticides, miticides, and nematicides are cholinesterase inhibitors.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): Procedure designed to restore normal breathing after breathing and heartbeat has stopped.

CAUTION: Have a lower risk pesticide and present less hazard. Toxicity may be contact, irritation of eyes, skin, of respiratory tract; or systemic.

Chemical Name: The technical name of the active ingredient(s) found in the formulated product. This complex name is derived from the chemical structure of the active ingredient.

Chronic Illness: An illness that will last for long periods of time. Cancer respiratory disorders, and neurological disorders are example of chronic illnesses that have been associated with exposures to some types of pesticides.

Chronic Toxicity: Is long term exposure, taking place over weeks, months or years.

Contamination: The presence of unwanted substance in or on a plant, animal, soil, water, air, or structure.

Contact Effects: Injury at the point of contact, including skin discoloration and irritation (dermatitis) such as itching, redness, rashes, blisters, and burns. Also, swelling, stinging, and burning of the eyes, nose, mouth, or throat are contact effects.

Corrosive Poison: A poison containing a strong acid or base that will severely burn the skin, mouth, stomach, or respiratory tract.

DANGER: Indicates the potential for permanent damage to skin, eyes, or lungs.

DANGER POISON: Is poison through any route of entry. Toxicity may be oral, dermal or inhalation. It has skull and crossbones.

Decontaminate: To remove or degrade a chemical residue from the skin or a surface. defoaming agent An adjuvant used to reduce the foaming of a spray mixture due to agitation.

Delayed Toxicity: Illnesses or injuries that do not appear immediately after exposure to pesticides. The effects generally occur between 24 hours and several days after exposure.

Dermal: Pertaining to the skin.

Dermal Toxicity: The ability of a pesticide to cause injury to a human or animal when absorbed through the skin.

Dermatitis: The inflammation, itching, irritation, or occurrence of a rash after exposure to a chemical.

Diagnosis: The positive identification of a problem and its cause.

Dilution/Diluent: Any inert liquid, solid, or gaseous material that is combined with a pesticide active ingredient during the manufacturing process. Also, the water, petroleum product, or other product, or other liquid in which the formulated product is mixed before application. Also referred to as Carrier.

Directions for Use: The instructions found on pesticide labels indicating the proper use of the pesticide product.

Dusts (Applications): A finely ground, dry pesticide formulation containing a small amount of active ingredient and a large amount of inert carrier or diluent such as clay or talc.

Emulsifiable Concentrates: A pesticide formulation produced by mixing and active ingredient and an emulsifying agent in a suitable petroleum solvent. When it is added to water, a milky emulsion is usually formed.

Environmental and Special Warning Statements: Help you avoid contaminating the environment.

Exposure: Unwanted contact with pesticides or pesticide residues by people, other organisms or the environment.

Eyes (ocular): Exposure to pesticides or unwanted chemicals or substance through the eyes.

First Aid: The immediate assistance provided to someone who has been exposed to a pesticide or chemical. First aid for pesticide exposure usually involves removal of contaminated clothing and washing the affected area of the body to remove as much of the pesticide material as possible.

Formulation: The Pesticide Product as purchased, containing a mixture of one or more active ingredients, carries (inert ingredients), and other additives diluted for safety and ease of application.

Granular: A dry pesticide formulation. The Active Ingredient is either mixed with or coated onto an inert carrier to form a small, ready-to-use, low concentrate particle that does not normally present a drift hazard.

Hazard: The likelihood that injury or death will occur from a given level and duration of exposure to a toxic chemical.

Heat Stress: A potentially life-threatening over- heating of the body.

Hygiene: As it applies to pesticide exposure or chemical exposure, ensure to wash exposed body areas right away to remove pesticide residue.

Inhalation: The property of a pesticide to be poisonous to humans or animals when breathed in through the nose and mouth into the lungs.

LC50: The concentration of a pesticide, usually in air or water, that can kill 50 percent of a test population of animals. LC50 is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm). The lower the LC50 value, the more acutely toxic the chemical.

LD50: The dose or amount of a pesticide that can kill 50 percent of the test animals when eaten or absorbed through the skin. LD50 is expressed in milligrams of chemical per kilogram of body weight of the test animal (mg/kg). The lower the LD50 value, the more acutely toxic the chemical.

Label: All printed material attached to or part of a pesticide container. The label is a legal document.

Lethal Concentration: See LC50.

Lethal Dose: See LD50.

Lungs (inhalation): Exposure to pesticides or unwanted chemicals or substance through inhalation into the lungs (breathing).

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): A safety data sheet available from the manufacturer that provides information on chemical properties, toxicity, first aid, hazards, personal protective equipment, and emergency procedures to be followed in the event of a spill, leak, fire, or transportation crisis.

Mouth to Mouth Resuscitation: Rescue Breathing, given mouth to mouth, to assists or restore breathing to a person who is not breathing or is experiencing breathing difficulty.

Non-soluble chemicals: Chemicals that cannot break down and are eventually stored in fatty deposits in the body and breast milk.

Ocular: Pertaining to the eyes. This is one of the routes of entry of pesticides into the body.

Oral Exposures: Exposure to pesticides or unwanted chemicals or substance through the mouth.

Oral Toxicity: The occurrence of injury when a pesticide is taken by mouth.

Organophosphate: A large group of pesticides that contain the element phosphorus. Most are non-persistent insecticides, miticides, and nematicides. Many are highly toxic.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Devices and clothing that protect pesticide applicators, handlers, and workers from exposure to pesticides.

Pesticide: Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, or weeds, or any other forms of life declared to be pests; and any other substance of mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.

Pesticide Use Hazard: The potential for a pesticide to cause injury or damage during handling or application.

Poison Control Center: An agency, generally a hospital, that has current information on proper first-aid techniques and antidotes for poisoning emergencies.

Precautionary statements: Help you decide how to protect yourself, other people, or animals from exposure and can be found in several sections of the label.

Protective Clothing: Garments that cover the body, arms and legs.

Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings Manual: A manual used to help recognize and manage pesticide poisonings that can be purchased through the EPA website.

Restricted Use Pesticides, RUP: A highly hazardous Pesticide that can only be purchased, possessed or used by a person who is a certified applicator or under the supervision of a certified applicator.

Rodenticides: A chemical used to control rodents.

Signal word: Words required to appear on every pesticide label to denote the relative acute toxicity of the product.

Route of exposure: The way a pesticide gets onto or into the body. The fours routes of exposure are dermal (skin), ocular (eyes), respiratory (lungs), and oral (mouth).

Sensitization: An allergic reaction to pesticides.

Signal Words: Words that are required to appear on every pesticide label to denote the relative acute toxicity of the product. The signal words are DANGER—POISON used with a skull and crossbones symbol for potentially lethal products, DANGER for severe skin and eye damage, WARNING for moderately toxic, or CAUTION for slightly toxic compounds.

Skin (dermal): The exposure to pesticides, chemicals or other substance through the skin into the blood stream or other organs.

Special Toxicity Statements: Say if the product is hazardous to wildlife and what precautions to take.
Specific Action Statements: gives precautions and PPE.

Symptom: Any detectable change in an organism resulting from the activities of a pathogen or other pest. Also, an indication of pesticide poisoning in humans and other animals.

Toxicity: The degree to which a substance is poisonous.

Unclassified General Use: Typically have lower toxicity and are less harmful to humans and the environment. Anyone can purchase these without permits or restrictions.

WARNING – AVISO: Are moderately hazardous pesticides.

Water soluble: A liquid pesticide formulation that dissolves in water to form a true solution.

Wettable powders: A dry pesticide formulation in powder form that forms a suspension when added to water.

26. 杀真菌剂通过干扰细胞发育来抑制真菌生长。许多杀真菌剂通过破坏细胞膜、阻断关键的酶或蛋白质的功能、或干扰包括呼吸在内的各种代谢过程来发挥作用。

27. 电子传递链抑制剂是能够阻断植物体内电子传输的杀虫剂。

28. 酶的抑制剂会使蛋白质和酶的结构分解、破坏或失活,从而导致它们失去功能。

29. 核酸代谢和蛋白质合成抑制剂可以阻止RNA或DNA的构建,因此在细胞核的水平阻断细胞分裂。

30. 甾醇合成抑制剂阻断麦角甾醇的合成过程。麦角甾醇类似于人体的胆固醇,而大多数真菌需要这种物质以便生成具备功能的膜结构。

31. 许多杀真菌剂作用于多重位点。细胞发育干扰剂、膜干扰剂、呼吸抑制剂和脂类合成剂拥有未知的作用方式。

32. 在这些类别的化学制剂中,一些最常见的例子包括硫、铜、矿物油、百菌清、克菌丹、氨基甲酸酯以及多肽。

33. 杀菌剂和抗生素广泛见于所有生物,对于控制有害细菌必不可少。

34. DNA和RNA是包括细菌在内的所有生物进行繁殖所需的关键物质。 DNA合成抑制剂可以阻断DNA的合成。 这些抗生素通过与DNA或RNA合成过程相关成分的相结合而发挥作用。这将会干扰细胞的正常生理过程,并最终破坏细菌繁殖和生存的能力。这类抑制剂包括喹诺酮、甲硝唑和利福平。

35. 酶和细胞结构主要由蛋白质构成。蛋白质合成是所有细菌细胞进行繁殖和生存所必需的基本过程。细菌蛋白质合成抑制剂包括几种抗菌剂。它们通过与各种核糖体结合来影响细菌的蛋白质合成,从而破坏细菌的正常细胞代谢,并因此导致细菌的死亡或生长停止。

36. 虽然人和动物的细胞没有细胞壁,但这种结构对细菌的生长和存活具有至关重要的作用。细菌细胞壁合成抑制剂是一种通过作用于细胞壁而选择地杀菌或抑菌的药物。这类药物包括青霉素、头孢菌素、杆菌肽和万古霉素。

37. 几种杀虫剂会影响未知靶标位点的功能,或非特异性地作用于多个靶标位点。

38. 所有农药都存在抗药性的现象。最佳应对农药抗药性的策略是通过监测害虫的种群密度变化、重点分析经济损失的程度、以及采用多种策略综合防治方法来将预防抗药性作为首要的任务。

39. 只有当害虫的数量达到足以造成经济损失或威胁公众健康时,才使用农药。

40. 尽可能多地采用不同的控制策略。例如使用合成型和生物型杀虫剂、益虫、转基因植物、作物轮作和抗害虫作物来控制害虫。

41. 最好的策略是制定一项综合全面的计划在管理宿主作物的健康的同时,控制害虫的危害。