HE-0699, Reprinted October 1998. Josephine Turner, Extension Program Specialist, Professor, Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University.

Learning To Use Your Financial Calculator

Do you know how much your credit accounts cost you each month? Can you achieve your financial goals even if you don't work on Wall Street?

Have you ever wanted to compare savings or investment plans offering different rates of return? Have you wondered how long it would take you to save for the down payment on a house or to buy a car for cash?

Have you longed to be able to compare the cost of loans with different rates, different amounts, and different time periods? Or, have you wished that you could compare the monthly payments for different loan proposals?

Do you know how long it will take you to accumulate enough money to send the children to college? Have you wondered about the amount of money you would have available to finance your retirement if you saved $2,000 a year? Or, would you like to know how long your savings will last if your withdraw $1,000 per month? Have you wondered what impact inflation will have on your retirement "nest egg?"

Such problems can be solbed quickly and easily using a financial calculator.* Although calculations involving compound interest, periodic payments, and declining or increasing balances are complex, a financial calculator makes them simple. Regardless of your mathematical skills and training, you can make such calculations quickly and easily. This workbook shows you how.

* A number of good financial calculators are on the market. This circular uses Texas Instruments (TI) Calculator BA-35, a business analyst calculator, as an example.

The Financial Calculator

Your TI BA-35 looks like this:

The [ON/C] key turns on the calculator. It also clears the calculator of the current operation. To clear the calculator of the current operation, press [ON/C] key twice. To clear an incorrect numerical entry, press [ON/C] key only once.

The [OFF] key turns the calculator off. The display and any pending operation are cleared when you thrn the calculator off.

It is always important to clear your calculator before each calculation. Make sure your calculator is in the Financial Mode. That is: [FIN] will be displayed in the window.

To clear your TI BA-35, press these keys: [ON/C], [2nd], [N].

The Math Keys

The math function (operation) keys are dark orange and are located on the right of your calculator. Press the keys in order of math function desired. Think through the process and then press the appropriate keys.

Practice each math function until you feel comfortable with the pressure that must be applied to the keys to have the number appear on the display screen.

The Financial Keys For The TI BA-35

Value Keys	Command Keys
[N] [%i] [PMT] [PV] [FV]	[2nd] [CPT] [DUE] [+/-]

Key		Function of Key
[N]	=	Number of periods (often 1 year but could be 1 day, week, or month).
[%i]	=	Interest per period.
[PMT]	=	Amount of payment made or received per period.
[PV]	=	Present value.
[FV]	=	Future value.
[2nd]	=	This key changes the function of keys from the function written in white on the key to the function written in orange above the key.
[CPT]	=	This key is pressed to ask the calculator to solve for (compute) whichever "value" key is pressed next and for end of the month payments. (Press the [CPT] key and then the "value" key for the unknown value.)
[DUE]	=	This key is pressed to solve for beginning of the month payments. (Press the [DUE] key and then the key for the unknown value.)
[+/-]	=	This key is used to change the sign of the number in the window.

All five value keys may not be needed for a given problem. If you know three values, you can solve for a fourth. If you know four, you can solve for the fifth. For most problems the order in which the problem is entered into the calculator will not make any difference. The only requirement is that the known values be entered before you press the [CPT] or [DUE] key to solve for the unknown value.

The Magic Of Compounding Future Value

The value of money changes over time. A dollar received today is worth more than a dollar received a year from now. This is the opportunity cost of postponing the use of that dollar for 1 year.

Compounding interest is important because it forms the basis of many financial calculations. Perhaps you are familiar with the terms "compounded annually, quarterly, or daily." These expressions mean that interest is figured on principal as frequently as the period mentioned. This interest is then added to the previous principal before the next calculation is made. Annual compounding means that this calculation is made once each year. The new interest is added to the principal before performing the next year's calculation.

Problem 1:

For example, assume you have a $1,000 savings account earning 6% interest compounded annually. To determine how much the account would be worth in 5 years, you would need to complete the calculations below if you did not have a financial calculator.

Year 1	$1,000 $1,000	X +	6% $60	= =	$60 interest $1,060 balance
Year 2	$1,060 $1,060	X +	6% $63.60	= =	$63.60 interest $1,123.60 balance
Year 3	$1,123.60 $1,123.60	X +	6% $67.42	= =	$67.42 interest $1,191.02 balance
Year 4	$1,191.02 $1,191.02	X +	6% $71.46	= =	$71.46 interest $1,262.48 balance
Year 5	$1,262.48 $1,262.48	X +	6% $75.75	= =	$75.75 interest $1,338.23 balance

You can imagine the time, effort, and frustration required to calculate how much would be accumulated in 10, 25, or 30 years. With a financial calculator, solving the problem for 5, 10, 25, and 30 years takes less than a minute.

Easy Method

(It is important to set up your problem.) Determine the values that are known:

Present value [PV]: Yes.

Interest rate [%i]: Yes.

Number of periods [N]: Yes.

Future value [FV]: No; this is the value you want to find.

Enter the knowns into your calculator exactly as shown:

For 5 Years
Knowns:	1,000 [PV] 6 [%i] 5 [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	1,338.23
For 10 Years
Knowns:	1,000 [PV] 6 [%i] 10 [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	1,790.85
For 25 Years
Knowns:	1,000 [PV] 6 [%i] 25 [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	4,291.87
For 30 Years
Knowns:	1,000 [PV] 6 [%i] 30 [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	5,743.49
NOTE: Commas are used in problems in this booklet to make reading easier. The calculator does not display them.

Quick Method

For 5 Years
Knowns:	1,000 [PV] 6 [%i] 5 [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	1,338.23
For 10 Years
Known:	[ON/C] 10 [N]
Solution	[CPT] [FV]	=	1,790.85
For 25 Years
Known:	[ON/C] 25 [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	4,291.87
For 30 Years
Known:	[ON/C] 30 [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	5,743.49

Compounding interest is how you, too, can achieve your financial goals over time.

Problem 2:

This problem is the same as Problem 1, except that a second financial institution will give you 6% interest on the account compounded quarterly. How much difference will the "compounding period" make in the value of the account over 30 years?

NOTE: All calculations must be kept in the same time frame. Quarterly means the interest rate must be divided by four. It also means that the time (years) must be multiplied by four.

Easy Method

For 5 Years
Knowns:	1,000 [PV] 6 / 4 = [%i] 5 x 4 = [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	1,346.86
Quick Method
For 10 Years
Known:	[ON/C] 10 x 4 = [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	1,814.02
For 25 Years
Known:	[ON/C] 25 x 4 = [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	4,432.05
For 30 Years
Known:	[ON/C] 30 x 4 = [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	5,969.32

Over the 30-year period, compounding quarterly will yield $225.83 more than compounding annually on a $1,000 investment at 6% interest (5,969.32 - 5,743.49). Clear Calculator. (see note in bold in first section for instructions.)

Problem 3:

Let's suppose that you inherited or won $100,000 today. You placed this money in an acocunt paying 8% interest. How much more will your money earn over 30 years, if the interest is compounded quarterly rather than annually? (Note: Be sure to enter correct periods [N].)

Knowns:	100,000 [PV] 8 [%i] 30 [N]
Solution	[CPT] [FV]	=	1,006,265.70
	[ON/C]
Knowns:	100,000 [PV] 8 / 4 = [%i] 30 x 4 = [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	1,076,516.30

The difference due to compounding quarterly instead of annually over a 30 year period is $70,250.60. (1,076,516.30 - 1,006,265.70)

Problem 4:

JoAnn is considering using the $20,000 in her savings account as a down payment on her dream house. However, before she does this she would like to know how much her investment would be worth in 30 years if she invested it at 10% interest compounded quarterly.

Knowns:	__________ [PV] __________ [N] __________ [%i]
Solution	[CPT] [FV]	=	__________

(See answer sheet at end for the solution to Problem 4.)

Present Value Of A Future Sum

"Would you rather have $1.00 today or $1.06 a year from now?" Sometimes you know the amount of money to be received at a future date but don't know what it is worth today. An example of this is the value of an insurance policy, a trust fund, or winnings from the local lottery. You can use your financial calculator to determine today's value of the lump sum by solving for the unknown present value. This is illustrated in the next problem.

Problem 5:

Your rich aunt left a trust for you that will be worth $20,000 on your 40th birthday. Today is your birthday and you are 25 years old. What is the value of your gift today if the trust fund is earning 7%, 9%, or 12%? This is discounting. This number is smaller than the future sum. That is how we know the PV (present value) of a future sum. (Remember to clear your calculator before beginning the problem.)

Knowns:	20,000 [FV] 15 [N] (40 - 25 years = 15) 7 [%i]
Solution:	[CPT] [PV]	=	7,248.92
Known:	[ON/C] 9 [%i]
Solution:	[CPT] [PV]	=	5,490.76
Known:	[ON/C] 12 [%i]
Solution:	[CPT] [PV]	=	3,653.93

Problem 6:

You would like to give your grandson $20,000 to assist with his college education. He was born today and you expect him to be ready for college in 18 years. How much money should you set aside today if the interest (discount) rate is 6%?

Knowns:	__________ [PV] __________ [N] __________ [%i]
Solution	[CPT] [FV]	=	__________

(See answer sheet for the solution to Problem 6.)

Rate Of Return

The interest you pay on loans is determined by the interest rate. If you receive interest payments on savings, you also want to know the rate of return on money you have invested. Your financial calculator can help you in determining the rate of return received on an investment. The next problem is an example.

Problem 7:

Your aunt gave you a diamond watch valued at $5,000. Four years later you sell the watch for $9,500. What rate of return did you receive?

Knowns:	5,000 [PV] 9,500 [FV] 4 [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [%i]	=	17.4%

Problem 8:

Joan and Jack purchased their house for $40,000, 30 years ago. They are planning to sell the house and buy a condo near their children. The house is now valued at $250,000. What is the annual rate of return on their investment?

Knowns:	__________ [PV] __________ [N] __________ [%i]
Solution	[CPT] [FV]	=	__________

(see answer sheet for solution to Problem 8.)

Problem 9:

You purchased a "Bo Jackson" baseball card for $5.00, 6 years ago. Today your best friend offered you $25.00 for it. If you sold it, what would be your rate of return? (See answer sheet for the solution to Problem 9.)

Problem 10:

Your father says that he used to buy soft drinks for 10 cents a bottle. Today, 20 years later, the same size drink costs 60 cents. What is the rate of inflation (annual price increase) on this drink? (See answer sheet for the solution to Problem 10.)

Time Needed To Realize Financial Goals

The financial calculator can assist you in determining how long it will take you to reach your financial goals. This is illustrated in the problems listed below.

Problem 11:

Your uncle purchased a lot for $65,000 this year. The lot is expected to appreciate 8% per year. He wants to sell the lot for $100,000. If the lot appreciates as expected, when can he plan to sell the lot?

Knowns:	65,000 [PV] 100,000 [FV] 8 [%i]
Solution:	[CPT] [N]	=	5.6 years

Problem 12:

Your next-door neighbor inherited $500,000 from a long-lost relative. Your neighbor has always wanted to be a millionaire.

a) If your neighbor can invest the money at 9% interest compounded annually, how long will it be before his dream is realized?
b) If the investment is compounded monthly, how long before his dream is realized?
(See answer sheet for the solution to Problem 12.)

A "quick and dirty" method of determining how long it would take for a present value to double can be determined by the "Rule of 72." According to the Rule of 72, divide 72 by the interest rate and this will give you the time needed for your money to double. In the above problem, 72 divided by 9 equals 8 years.

Payments Needed To Reach Financial Goals

In the above problems you have solved for:

• The future value of a present sum.
• The present value of a known future sum.
• The rate of return on an investment.
• The number of years needed to achieve a lump sum goal.

In this section, the focus will be on a stream of payments, also known as an annuity.

In the real world many investments require a series of payments or deposits. For example, Individual Retirement Accounts (IRA's) and Keogh plans require a series of annual or monthly deposits, not a single lump sum deposit.

A series of payments or deposits are called annuities. So when someone calls something an annuity, they are merely making reference to the payment or receipt of a series of dollars, instead of a single lump sum.

You will recall we said that to solve time value of money problems, you will be given three or four values, and you solve for the unknown value.

When working with annuities, the rules are exactly the same, except that the unknown value changes. In all of our previous problems, the known values were [N], [%i], [PV], or [FV]. Three were known and you solved for the unknown. The [PMT] key was not needed as you only worked with a lump sum. When working with the future value of annuities, you will work with a series of payments [PMT], not a single lump sum [PV]. Therefore the [PMT] key will be used.

When you press the [PMT] key, you will see [ANN] in the window of your calculator. You MUST clear your calculator between problems. Remember, to clear your calculator press the following keys: [ON/C], [2nd], [N].

Problem 13:

You deposit $2,000 at the end of each year into an IRA account that earns 10% per year compounded annually. How much will be accumulated for your retirement in 20 years?

Knowns:	2,000 [PMT] 10 [%i] 20 [N]
Solution	[CPT] [FV]	=	-114,550*

* - This is a negative number. If you want it to be positive, press the [+/-] key before pressing the [PMT] key. For most investment and loan calculations, enter [PMT] as a positive value. For savings calculations with periodic deposits enter [PMT] as a negative value.

Revised:	2,000 [+/-] [PMT] 10 [%i] 20 [N]
Solution	[CPT] [FV]	=	114,550

Clear calculator.

Problem 14:

Beatrice and Bernie have developed a saving or investment plan with a mutual fund company. They plan to invest $200 each month for the next 25 years to fund their retirement plan. They expect to realize a return equal to 8% compounded monthly. How much money will they have at their target retirement date?

Knowns:	________ [PMT] __________ [%i] ___________ [N]
Solution	[CPT] [FV]	=	__________

(See answer sheet for the solution to Problem 14.)

Clear calculator.

Problem 15:

You would like some new furniture; the cost is $6,000. You don't have the money now, but, since you have been able to pay off some other bills, you can save $200 per month. How many months will be required to reach your goal of $6,000 if you get 6% interest compounded monthly on your savings? (Clear your calculator.)

Knowns:	6,000 [FV] 200 [+/-] [PMT] 6 / 12 = [%i]*
Solution	[CPT] [N]	=	28.02 months

* - Remember, all calculations must be kept in the same time frame. Monthly means the interest rate must be divided by 12. Now, clear your calculator by pressing the [ON/C] key, the [2nd] key, and the [N] key.

Problem 16:

April and Dan want to accumulate $15,000 for a down payment on their first house. The couple intend to set aside $300 at the beginning of each month in a savings account offering %5.5 compounded monthly. They would like to know how long it will take to reach their goal. (Note they plan to make payments at the beginning of the month.)

Knowns:	________ [FV] _______ [PMT] ___________ [%i]
Solution	[DUE] [N]	=	__________

(See answer sheet for the solution to Problem 16.)

Problem 17:

James wants to go to college and knows it will cost him $20,000 to do so. He hurts his knee in the final football game of his senior year and lost all football scholarship opportunities. He did not qualify for any grants or student loans. But he is determined to go for his degree in engineering. The only job he can find is flipping burgers as an assistant manager in a fast food restaurant. He brings home $150.00 each week and figures if he lives at home he can save $400 per month. If he invests the money at 6% annual interst compounded monthly, when will he have the $20,000 needed to go to college? (See answer sheet for the solution to Problem 17.)

Computing Payments On Installment Loans

All too often only two questions are asked when consumers shop for a loan. They are: (1) How much can I borrow? and (2) What are the monthly payments? The problems below focus on computing payments and cost of loans. The ability to figure installment loans is important in determining affordability.

Problem 18:

You have found your dream house. The proce is $100,000. You have $40,000 as a down payment, so you will need to finance $60,000 of this amount. You have shopped at least three sources and the best interest rate you can find is an 8% fixed rate mortgage for 15 years. You are trying to decide if you can make the monthly payments on your salary. What will be your monthly payments? (Clear your calculator.)

Knowns:	60,000 [PV] 8 / 12 = [%i] 15 x 12 = [N]
Solution	[DUE] [PMT]	=	569.59

Remember, the [DUE] key represents payments due at the beginning of the month.

Monthly payment x 180 months = $102,526.20 (minus $60,000 = $42, 526.20, the cost of the 15-year loan).

If this payment is too much, you can obtain a 30-year mortgage for 8.25%. What will be the monthly payments?

Knowns:	60,000 [PV] 8.25 / 12 = [%i] 30 x 12 = [N]
Solution	[DUE] [PMT]	=	447.68

Monthly payment x 360 months = $161,164.80. (minus $60,000 = $101,164.80, the cost of the 30-year loan.)

Note: The monthly payments on a 15-year loan were only $121.91 more than the monthly payment on a 30-year loan. By paying the loan off in 15 years as opposed to 30, you could save approximately $58,600 in finance charges.

Computing Retirement Payments

Much of retirement planning focuses on the accumulation of a "nest egg" for retirement. An aspect of equal importance is the distribution of the nest egg from a lump sum account to a stream of monthly or quarterly income payments. The problems below show how to calculate the amount of payments and how long these payments will last at a specific interest rate.

Problem 19:

Brenda's husband died last year, leaving her with savings of $25,000, a life insurance benefit of $50,000, and a home and property equity of $95,000. Brenda is retired and intends to use this money as a source of income. She has already placed all of the money from these various sources into one account offering 12% annual interest compounded monthly. Now, she wants to know how much monthly income she can expect if the money must last 20 years.

Knowns:	_____ [N] _____ [%i] _____ [PV]
Solution	[CPT] [PMT]	=	_____

(See answer sheet for solution to Problem 19.)

Note: It may be to Brenda's advantage to diversify her investment capital. Advice from her financial advisors may be helpful in making this decision.

Problem 20:

If Brenda needed payments of $2,500 per month, how long would her $170,000 last at a 12% annual rate of return?

Knowns:	_____ [%i] _____ [PV] _____ [PMT]
Solution	[CPT] [N]	=	_____

(See answer sheet for the solution to Problem 20.)

Problem 21:

Fred and Fred have accumulated $100,000 in savings for their retirement and have invested it in an account paying 7.5% compounded monthly. The couple would like to know how much money per month they could withdraw from this account if the payments were to last 10 years, 15 years, 20 years, or 25 years.

For 10 Years
Knowns:	100,000 [PV] 7.5 / 12 = [%i] 12 x 10 = [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [PMT]	=	1,187.02
For 15 Years
Knowns:	100,000 [PV] 7.5 / 12 = [%i] 12 x 15 = [N]
Solution	[CPT] [PMT]	=	927.01
For 20 Years
Knowns:	100,000 [PV] 7.5 / 12 = [%i] 12 x 20 = [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [PMT]	=	805.59
For 25 Years
Known:	100,000 [PV] 7.5 / 12 = [%i] 12 x 25 = [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [PMT]	=	738.99

Problem 22:

If Fred and Freda could get 10% annual return compounded monthly on their investment, how long would monthly payments of $1,000, $1,500, $2,000, and $2,500 last? (See answer sheet for the solution to Problem 22.)

Now it is time for you to find solutions to your own financial problems. Refer to this manual as well as the manual accompanying your financial calculator.

Conclusion

Once upon a time there were two bums in the park talking about the path in life they had taken which led them to be homeless and sleeping in the park. One bum said: "I just wouldn't listen to anybody's good advice." The other mulled over the analysis of the first and after giving it carefu lthought said: "You know the reason I am where I am today is because I listened to everybody's good advice."

The moral of this story is that advice may be good and beneficial or bad and costly, but no one can or will look after your financial interest like you can and should.

We hope this experience with a financial calculator has given you inspiration and confidence as well as the expertise to deal with the money in your future. The dynamics of money as affected by time, interest rate, and principal adds a dimension to financial planning and decision making that is both exciting an dsometimes unsettling. However, it is a dimension that you can master with enough expertise to evaluate your own financial decisions and guide your own financial future.

The struggle of many families to make ends meet often centers on saving pennies on canned goods at the grocery store. While this strategy need not be neglected, it is perhaps more important for families and individuals to examine the many financial instruments into which hundreds and thousands of dollars are poured over the years.

Are you getting your money's worth? Maybe it's time to calculate and evaluate.

References

McKenzie, Dennis J. 1984. The Calculating Financial Planner: Time Value of Money. California.

Texas Instruments. 1989. BA-35 Quick Refenrece Guide. Lubbock, Texas.

Wall, Ronald W. 1984. Calculating Your Finances. University of Hawaii. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources.

Answers

Problem 4:

Knowns:	20,000 [PV] 30 x 4 = [N] 10 / 4 = [%i]
Solution	[CPT] [FV]	=	387,162.99

Problem 6:

Knowns:	20,000 [FV] 18 [N] 6 [%i]
Solution:	[CPT] [PV]	=	7,006.88

Note: If interest is compounded quarterly, dollars needed to reach goal will be less.

Problem 8:

Knowns:	30 [N] 40,000 [PV] 250,000 [FV]
Solution:	[CPT] [%i]	=	6.3%

Problem 9:

Knowns:	5 [PV] 6 [N] 25 [FV]
Solution:	[CPT] [%i]	=	30.77%

Problem 10:

Knowns:	0.10 [PV] 0.60 [FV] 20 [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [%i]	=	9.37%*

* - Average annual rate of increase.

Problem 12:

a) Annual compounding
Knowns:	500,000 [PV] 1,000,000 [FV] 9 [%i]
Solution:	[CPT] [N]	=	8 years
b) Monthly compounding
Knowns:	500,000 [PV] 1,000,000 [FV] 9 / 12 [%i]
Solution:	[CPT] [N]	=	92.77 mo. (7.7 years)

Problem 14:

Knowns:	200 [+/-] [PMT] 8 / 12 = [%i] 25 x 12 = [N]
Solution:	[CPT] [FV]	=	190,205.27

Problem 16:

Knowns:	5.5 / 12 = [%i] 300 [+/-] [PMT] 15,000 [FV]
Solution:	[DUE] [N]	=	44.94 mo. (3.7 years)

Problem 17:

Knowns:	20,000 [FV] 6 / 12 = [%i] 400 [+/-] [PMT]
Solution:	[CPT] [N]	=	44.74 mo. (3.7 years)

Problem 19:

Knowns:	20 x 12 = [N] 12 / 12 = [%i] 25,000 + 50,000 + 95,000 = [PV]
Solution:	[CPT] [PMT]	=	1,871.85*

*Monthly income for 20 years.

Problem 20:

Knowns:	12 / 12 = [%i] 170,000 [PV] 2,500 [+/-] [PMT]
Solution:	[CPT] [N]	=	114.5 mo. (9.5 years)

Problem 22:

$1,000
Knowns:	10 / 12 = [%i] 100,000 [PV] 1,000 [PMT]
Solution:	[CPT] [N]	=	215.9 mo. (18 years)
$1,500
Knowns:	10 / 12 = [%i] 100,000 [PV] 1,500 [PMT]
Solution:	[CPT] [N]	=	97.72 mo. (8 years)
$2,000
Knowns:	10 / 12 = [%i] 100,000 [PV] 2,000 [PMT]
Solution:	[CPT] [N]	=	64.95 mo. (5.4 years)
$2,500
Knowns:	10 / 12 = [%i] 100,000 [PV] 2,500 [PMT]
Solution:	[CPT] [N]	=	48.86 mo. (4.1 years)

Other Titles In The Money Management Series

By Jo Turner, Extension Program Specialist

Circular HE-351, "Records And Important Papers."

Circular HE-368, "Money Management Makes Cents."

Circular HE-369, "Retirement Years: How Are You Planning?"

Circular HE-439, "Credit Law -- Truth In Spending."

Circular HE-440, "The Fair Credit Billing Act."

Circular HE-445, "Credit Law -- The Fair Credit Reporting Act."

Circular HE-446, "Credit Law -- The Fair Debt Collection Act."

Circular HE-447, "Credit Law -- Three Days To Cancel."

Circular HE-448, "Pay Now Or Pay Later."

Circular HE-449, "Shopping For Credit."

Circular HE-450, "How Much Credit Can You Afford?"

Circular HE-451, "Your Credit Contract."

Circular HE-452, "Credit Cards."

Circular HE-453, "Your Credit Rating."

Circular HE-454, "If You Can't Pay Your Bills."

Circular HE-492, "Debt Consolidation."

Circular HE-493, "Money Management Calendar."

Circular HE-513, "Protection Dollar -- Home Insurance."

Circular HE-514, "Protection Dollar -- Auto Insurance."

Circular HE-515, "Protection Dollar -- Health Insurance."

Circular HE-516, "Protection Dollar -- Life Insurance."

Circular HE-516a, "Life Insurance Worksheet."

Circular HE-517, "Protection Dollar -- Buying Insurance."

Circular HE-573, "Living Resourcefully With Reduced Income."

Circular HE-624, "Planning For Financial Security."

Circular HE-625, "Savings And Investments."

Circular HE-626, "Basics Of Bonds."

Circular HE-627, "Stocks And Mutual Funds."

Circular HE-628, "Individual Retirement Accounts And Other Retirement Savings Plans."