ANR-602 TIMBER AND THE ECONOMY OF ALABAMA
ANR-602, Reprinted June 1995. John Bliss, Extension Forester, and Ken Muehlenfeld, Extension
Director, Alabama Forest Products Development Center
Timber and the Economy of Alabama |
INTRODUCTION
Alabama's first residents called themselves "the thicket clearers,"
or "Ala Bamas." If those early native American residents revisited
their homeland today, they would find that the "thicket"--Alabama's
forestland--has grown beyond imagination in its size and importance to the
region. The forest, once viewed as an impediment to agriculture, is now
recognized as the backbone of the state economy. Trees from the forest feed
an industry that directly employs more than 49,000 workers, indirectly provides
employment for thousands more, and is the leading contributor to the gross
state product.
The total contribution of the forest to Alabama's economy is more than
that made by the manufacturing sector. The forest also provides a setting
for hunting, fishing, hiking, and other outdoor activities; it is home to
a diversity of animal and plant species; and it contributes to the quality
of life of Alabamians in countless other ways. These benefits from the forest
are not easily quantified, but are increasingly important to Alabama's citizens
and the state economy. Additional research is needed to produce a comprehensive
estimate of the value of these contributions.
Before looking at the dimensions of forest industry in the state, let's
find out just how much forest there is in Alabama and who owns it.
ALABAMA'S FOREST RESOURCE
Forest Acreage
The landscape of Alabama is dominated by forests, which cover 68 percent
of the state's land area (Table 1). Two out of every three acres are covered
with trees. While all regions of Alabama contain substantial forest acreage,
the West Central and Southwest regions contain the highest percentages of
forest land (Figure 1).
Table 1. Acreage of Forest Land in Selected Regions
of Alabama, 1990
| Region |
Total Land |
Forest Land |
Thousand Acres |
| North |
4,443 |
2,126 |
| North Central |
6,548 |
4,358 |
| West Central |
4,368 |
3,358 |
| Southeast |
9,008 |
5,919 |
| Southwest |
8,116 |
6,204 |
| TOTAL |
32,483 |
21,965 |
| PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL |
68 percent |
| Source: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Experiment Station,
New Orleans, Louisiana, Resource Bulletins SO-149, SO-150, SO-153, SO-155,
SO-156. Preliminary data used for North-Central region. |
 |
|
Figure 1. Forested land as
a percentage of total land in selected areas of Alabama, 1990. (U.S.D.A.
Forest Service, Southern Experiment Station, New Orleans, Louisiana. Resource
Bulletins SO-140, SO-150, SO-153, SO-155, SO-156. Preliminary data used
for North Central region.)
[North = 48%; North Central = 67%; West Central = 77%;
Southeast = 66%; Southwest = 76%] |
Throughout the South, the acreage in cropland and pasture reached its
peak around 1920. The spread of the boll weevil, depressed markets for agricultural
commodities, and other factors led to widespread cropland abandonment during
the 1920s and 30s. From the 1940s through the 1970s, programs of fire protection,
technical assistance, research, and education expanded, and the forest resource
grew. The South's forested acreage reached its peak of 197 million acres
in 1962, then declined to just over 182 million acres in 1985. The area
of forest in Alabama, which has been fairly constant for the past 4 decades
at between 21 and 22 million acres, is projected to peak in another decade
and then decrease slightly.
Forest Ownership
The vast majority of the forested acres in Alabama (about 95 percent)
is privately owned (Table 2). The greatest portion (40 percent) is owned
by miscellaneous individuals; 22 percent is owned by farmers, and 7.5 percent
is owned by estates, trusts, and private sector entities other than forest
industries. Important examples of such non-forest-industry entities are
mining companies, pension funds, and insurance companies. These three types
of owners--individuals, farmers, and non-forest-industry entities--are known
as nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners. Altogether, NIPFs make up
about 70 percent of Alabama's forest.
Table 2. Ownership of Timberland by Ownership
Category, Alabama, 1990*
| Ownership Category |
Thousand Acres |
Percentage of All Ownerships |
| National Forests |
605 |
2.76 percent |
| Other Federal |
250 |
1.14 percent |
| State |
212 |
0.96 percent |
| County and Municipal |
95 |
0 43 percent |
| Total Public |
1,162 |
5.30 percent |
| Forest Industry |
5,500 |
25.08 percent |
| Farmer |
4,765 |
21.73 percent |
| Misc. Individuals |
8,872 |
40.45 percent |
| Other Corporate |
1,634 |
7.45 percent |
| Total Private |
20,770 |
94.70 percent |
| ALL OWNERSHIPS |
21,932 |
100.00 percent |
* Does not include productive forestland withdrawn from
utilization.
Note: entries may not add up to subtotals due to rounding.
Source: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Experiment Station,
New Orleans, Louisiana, Resource Bulletins SO-149, SO-150, SO-153, SO-155,
SO-156. |
An additional 25 percent of the private forestland in Alabama (5.5 million
acres) is owned or leased by forest industries. These forests are managed
to supply part of the wood needs of some 1,746 forest products-related firms
in the state.
Only about 5 percent of Alabama's forestland is public land. Most of
the state's public forestland is located in the Talladega, Bankhead, Conecuh,
and Tuskegee National Forests.
Timber Inventory, Growth, and Removal
Timber volume increases through tree growth, natural regeneration, and
tree planting. Timber harvesting, conversion of forestland to other uses,
and timber mortality result in timber removals. When removals outpace growth
over an extended period of time, timber inventory declines. Currently Alabama
enjoys a substantial surplus of hardwood growth over removals. Hardwoods
comprise more acres and more commercial volume than pines (Table 3). The
state is experiencing a small deficit in softwood volume (Table 4), but
this is partly a result of the way in which timber volumes are measured:
only trees with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of 5 or more inches are
included in the volume measurements reported here. Trees planted in the
years immediately preceding the current inventory (1990) would not likely
have reached the minimum size to be measured and are not recorded.
Table 3. Inventory of Timber Growing Stock in
Alabama, 1982 and 1990
| Timber Category |
1982 |
1990 |
| Million Cubic Feet |
| Softwood |
Pine Plantation |
1,422 |
2,442 |
| |
Pine Natural |
9,793 |
8,404 |
| |
Other Softwood |
208 |
263 |
| Total Softwood |
|
11,423 |
11,109 |
| Hardwood |
Soft |
4,275 |
5,244 |
| |
Hard |
5,696 |
6,730 |
| Total Hardwood |
|
9,971 |
11,974 |
| Total Inventory |
|
21,394 |
23,083 |
| Source: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Experiment Station,
New Orleans, Louisiana Resource Bulletins SO-149, SO-150, SO-153, SO-155,
SO-156. |
Table 4. Periodic Net Annual Growth and Removals
of Growing Stock in Alabama, 1990
| Region |
Growth |
Removals |
Surplus/Deficit |
| (Million Cubic Feet) |
| North |
Softwood |
30.70 |
27.30 |
3.40 |
| |
Hardwood |
64.20 |
30.40 |
33.80 |
| North Central |
Softwood |
100.60 |
149.40 |
-48.80 |
| |
Hardwood |
114.20 |
51.20 |
63.00 |
| West Central |
Softwood |
96.50 |
135.60 |
-39.10 |
| |
Hardwood |
94.50 |
79.70 |
14.80 |
| Southeast |
Softwood |
194.70 |
204.80 |
-10.10 |
| |
Hardwood |
157.50 |
102.30 |
55.20 |
| Southwest |
Softwood |
238.30 |
202.80 |
35.50 |
| |
Hardwood |
137.90 |
106.60 |
31.30 |
| STATE TOTALS |
Softwood |
660.80 |
719.90 |
-59.10 |
| Hardwood |
568.30 |
370.20 |
198.10 |
| Source: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Experiment Station,
New Orleans, Louisiana, Resource Bulletins SO-149, SO-150, SO-153, SO-155,
SO-156. Preliminary data utilized for North-Central region. |
The U.S.D.A. Forest Service estimates that by the year 2000 more than
60 percent of the South's softwood growth will be in pine plantations. This
assumes substantial conversion of natural forests and non-forest land to
pine plantations.
MEASURES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
Cash Receipts
One measure of the importance of forestry in Alabama's economy is the
amount paid to landowners for their standing timber (stumpage). An estimate
of the total value of stumpage sold in the state has been derived from timber
severance tax records, regional stumpage prices, and acreage estimates.
In 1989, more than one billion cubic feet of timber were harvested in the
state, based upon (probably conservative) severance tax reports (Table 5).
The estimated stumpage value of this crop was $365,975,000. Some $262,284,000
(72 percent), was received by farmers and other non-industrial private owners;
forest industry received $88,563,000; and government received $15,128,000.
Table 5. Volume and Value of Cut Forest Products
in Alabama, 1989
| Product |
Volume |
Unit of Measure |
Stumpage Revenue |
Delivered Value |
| Thousand Dollars |
| Pine Sawtimber |
1,359,748 |
MBF Scribner |
219,220 |
330,206 |
| Hardwood Sawtimber |
248,303 |
MBF Doyle |
20,076 |
43,211 |
| Pine Pulpwood |
4,378,472 |
Cords |
72,037 |
211,542 |
| Hardwood Pulpwood |
3,737,364 |
Cords |
39,802 |
153,826 |
| Poles and Piles |
52,893 |
MBF Doyle |
14,746 |
18,392 |
| Stumpwood |
22,555 |
Tons |
93 |
564 |
| State Total |
1,002 mil. Cubic Ft. |
365,975 |
757,740 |
| Source: Alabama Forestry Commission. 1990. Cash Receipt Report
on Forest Products Harvested in Alabama for 1989. |
A second important measure of the value of the forest crop is its value
at the first processing point. This is the value of the logs delivered to
a sawmill, pulp mill, or similar processing plant. It reflects the value
of harvesting and transporting the timber as well as the value of the stumpage.
In 1989, the value of all delivered forest products in the state was estimated
to be $757,740,000 (Table 5). Cash receipts from delivered forest products
exceed those of all other agricultural crops combined and make timber the
second ranking agricultural commodity, behind broilers.
Other measures of the contribution that timber-based manufacturing activities
make to the state economy are reported every 5 years in the Census of Manufactures
by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. The Census presents
statistics on employment, payrolls, value added, and value of shipments
for establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing. Manufacturing is
defined as the mechanical or chemical transformation of substances into
new products, and the assembly of component parts of products. The Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) categories reported here are those which
the U.S.D.A. Forest Service uses to compare the forest products sectors
of southern states: Lumber and Wood Products (SIC 24), Furniture and Fixtures
(excluding non-wood products) (SIC 25), Paper and Allied Products (SIC 26),
and Gum and Wood Chemicals (SIC 2861). Data for Alabama on Gum and Wood
Chemicals (SIC 2861) and Wood Television and Radio Cabinets (SIC 2517, a
sub code of SIC 25) are not available or are withheld to avoid disclosing
operations of individual companies.
Employment
Employment in the forest products sector reflects the health of the forest
economy and changes in the technology of timber harvesting and processing.
The Census of Manufacturers indicates that 49,300 Alabamians were employed
in forest products manufacturing in 1987, placing the industry among the
top four manufacturing employers in the state (Table 6). This figure does
not include all jobs involved in managing the forest resource, such as foresters
and forestry technicians. Nor does it include forest-based non-manufacturing
jobs such as those associated with recreation or retailing. The Alabama
Forestry Commission estimates that the total number of forest-based jobs
in 1987 was more than 65,000.
Table 6. Estimated Employment in Timber-Based Manufacturing
Activities, Alabama, 1977 and 1987 (entries may not add up to subtotals
because of rounding)
| SIC CODE |
INDUSTRY |
1977 |
1987 |
| Thousands |
| 24 |
Lumber and wood products |
23.8 |
26.2 |
| 241 |
Logging |
3.8 |
5.7 |
| 242 |
Sawmills and planning mills |
8.7 |
7.5 |
| 243 |
Millwork, plywood, and structural members |
5.1 |
6.0 |
| 244 |
Wood containers |
0.9 |
1.0 |
| 245 |
Wood buildings and mobile homes |
3.5 |
3.7 |
| 249 |
Misc. wood products |
1.7 |
2.3 |
| 25 |
Furniture and fixtures |
4.3 |
4.7 |
| 2511 |
Wood household furniture |
2.7 |
3.2 |
| 2512 |
Upholstered household furniture |
1.2 |
.50 - .999 |
| 2521 |
Wood office furniture |
0.2 |
.25 - .499 |
| 2541 |
Wood partitions and fixtures |
0.2 |
0.4 |
| 26 |
Paper and allied products |
18.5 |
18.4 |
| 261 |
Pulp mills |
.15 - .249 |
1.3 |
| 262 |
Paper mills |
8.1 |
8.7 |
| 263 |
Paperboard mills |
4.8 |
3.8 |
| 265 |
Paperboard containers and boxes |
1.0 - 2.49 |
2.2 |
| 267 |
Misc. converted paper products |
3.7 |
2.3 |
| |
State Total |
46.6 |
49.3 |
| Source: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southern Experiment Station,
New Orleans, Louisiana, Resource Bulletins SO-149, SO-150, SO-153, SO-155,
SO-156. |
Payrolls
As more and more of the state's timber resources are processed into finished
products, the amount of salaries and wages paid to employees involved in
the processing rises. Payrolls in the Paper and Allied Products group are
larger than those for the Lumber and Wood Products and the Furniture and
Fixtures groups, on both an average per-employee basis and overall. In 1987,
wages and salaries in timber-based manufacturing in the state totalled $1.07
billion (Table 7). This represents an increase of 25 percent, adjusted for
inflation, over the 1977 payroll.
Table 7. Estimated Payrolls in Timber-Based Manufacturing
Activities, Alabama, 1977 and 1987 (entries may not add up to subtotals
because of rounding)
| SIC CODE |
INDUSTRY |
1977 |
1987 |
| Million Dollars |
| 24 |
Lumber and wood products |
207.5 |
404.9 |
| 241 |
Logging |
34.6 |
76.6 |
| 242 |
Sawmills and planing mills |
70.4 |
117.9 |
| 243 |
Millwork, plywood, and structural members |
47.3 |
98.3 |
| 244 |
Wood containers |
6.7 |
11.6 |
| 245 |
Wood buildings and mobile homes |
32.6 |
62.3 |
| 249 |
Misc. wood products |
15.9 |
38.2 |
| 25 |
Furniture and fixtures |
32.8 |
47.4 |
| 2511 |
Wood household furniture |
20.1 |
39.9 |
| 2512 |
Upholstered household furniture |
8.9 |
na |
| 2521 |
Wood office furniture |
2.0 |
na |
| 2541 |
Wood partitions and fixtures |
1.8 |
7.5 |
| 26 |
Paper and allied products |
299.2 |
617.6 |
| 261 |
Pulp mills |
na |
49.3 |
| 262 |
Paper mills |
138.0 |
331.9 |
| 263 |
Paperboard mills |
86.3 |
141.5 |
| 265 |
Paperboard containers and boxes |
na |
43.2 |
| 267 |
Misc. converted paper products |
49.0 |
51.6 |
| |
State Total |
1507.9 |
3659.3 |
| Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
1980, 1990. 1977 and 1987 Census of Manufacturers, Geographic Area Series--Alabama. |
Value Added
Value added is defined as the difference between the cost of raw materials
purchased by a firm and the value of the products it sells. For example,
a paper company turns pulpwood into paper. The difference between the value
of the pulpwood and other raw materials purchased and the value of the paper
sold is the value added by the manufacturing process. Value added is perhaps
the best single measure used to compare the economic importance of various
industries and regions. It represents the value that is created within a
state by an industry--an industry's contribution to the gross state product.
The value added in timber-based economic activities in Alabama in 1987 was
$3.7 billion (Table 8). In real terms, the 1987 value was 53 percent greater
than the 1977 value. The pulp and paper industry continues to make the largest
contribution to the value added by the sector (Figure 2).
Table 8. Value Added in Timber-Based Manufacturing
Activites, Alabama, 1977 and 1987 (entries may not add up to subtotals because
of rounding)
| SIC CODE |
INDUSTRY |
1977 |
1987 |
| Million Dollars |
| 24 |
Lumber and wood products |
474.5 |
951.6 |
| 241 |
Logging |
92.4 |
182.8 |
| 242 |
Sawmills and planing mills |
153.7 |
309.7 |
| 243 |
Millwork, plywood, and structural members |
113.8 |
225.5 |
| 244 |
Wood containers |
12.8 |
22.9 |
| 245 |
Wood buildings and mobile homes |
60.7 |
110.5 |
| 249 |
Misc. wood products |
41.1 |
100.2 |
| 25 |
Furniture and fixtures |
67.1 |
97.5 |
| 2511 |
Wood household furniture |
40.7 |
81.5 |
| 2512 |
Upholstered household furniture |
20.1 |
na |
| 2521 |
Wood office furniture |
3.3 |
na |
| 2541 |
Wood partitions and fixtures |
3.0 |
16.0 |
| 26 |
Paper and allied products |
966.3 |
2610.2 |
| 261 |
Pulp mills |
na |
310.6 |
| 262 |
Paper mills |
385.6 |
1269.2 |
| 263 |
Paperboard mills |
293.1 |
613.8 |
| 265 |
Paperboard containers and boxes |
na |
95.2 |
| 267 |
Misc. converted paper products |
219.4 |
321.3 |
| |
State Total |
1507.9 |
3659.3 |
| Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.1980,
1990. 1977 and 1987 Census of Manufacturers, Geographic Area Series--Alabama. |
 |
| |
| Figure 2. Value added in manufacturing
of lumber and wood products and pulp and paper products, Alabama, 1947-1987.
(U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1988, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census. 1990). |
Value of Shipments
A final measure of economic activity is the value of shipments. The value
of shipments is the total value of all materials sold by the forest products
industry, whether they are sold within the state or shipped out of state.
It includes the value of materials sold to consumers, as well as materials
sold to other forest products firms for further manufacture. The value of
some products is counted when they are sold to a second firm for further
manufacture and counted again when the final products are sold. The total
value of forest products shipments in the state in 1987 was $7.4 billion
(Table 9). This represents a 41 percent increase, adjusted for inflation,
from the 1977 value of shipments.
Table 9. Value of Shipments of Timber-Based Manufacturing
Activites, Alabama, 1977 and 1987 (entries may not add up to subtotals because
of rounding)
| SIC CODE |
INDUSTRY |
1977 |
1987 |
| Million Dollars |
| 24 |
Lumber and wood products |
1219.0 |
2558.5 |
| 241 |
Logging |
200.3 |
549.4 |
| 242 |
Sawmills and planing mills |
402.2 |
771.9 |
| 243 |
Millwork, plywood. and structural members |
277.9 |
549.9 |
| 244 |
Wood containers |
26.2 |
53.1 |
| 245 |
Wood buildings and mobile homes |
205.2 |
323.0 |
| 249 |
Misc.wood products |
107.3 |
311.1 |
| 25 |
Furniture and fixtures |
133.1 |
204.3 |
| 2511 |
Wood household furniture |
79.7 |
169.7 |
| 2512 |
Upholstered household furniture |
39.4 |
na |
| 2521 |
Wood office furniture |
7.2 |
na |
| 2541 |
Wood partitions and fixtures |
6.8 |
34.6 |
| 26 |
Paper and allied products |
1981.9 |
4662.6 |
| 261 |
Pulp mills |
na |
591.6 |
| 262 |
Paper mills |
725.9 |
2082.3 |
| 263 |
Paperboard mills |
619.6 |
1161.2 |
| 265 |
Paperboard containers and boxes |
na |
269.9 |
| 267 |
Misc. converted paper products |
464.4 |
557.5 |
| Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.1980,1990.1977and
1987 Census of Manufacturers, Geographic Area Series--Alabama |
COMPARISON WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES
By any measure of economic activity, the forest products industry in
Alabama is very large: by most measures it is the largest manufacturing
industrial group in the state (Table 10; Figure 3). It has more establishments
than any other industry: 30 percent of all the manufacturing establishments
in the state are in the forest products sector. It is a leading employer,
second only to apparel and other textiles, accounting for 14 percent of
all manufacturing jobs in the state. Payrolls of the forest products industry
exceed those of all other manufacturing industries and account for 15 percent
of the state total. The paper and allied products category alone generates
the largest value added of any industry, and the forest products sector
as a whole is responsible for 20 percent of the value added generated in
the state. The value of shipments of forest products dwarfs that of all
other manufacturing industries in the state. Forest products industries
also led all other manufacturing industries in new capital expenditures
for 1987 with almost $286 million. Chemicals and Allied products were next
with new capital expenditures of just under $217 million.
Table 10. Comparison of Leading Alabama Manufacturers,1987
| Industry (SIC code) |
Number of Establishments |
Number of Employees |
Payroll |
Value Added |
Value of Shipments |
| Thousands |
Million Dollars |
| Lumber and wood products (24) |
1543 |
26.2 |
404.9 |
951.6 |
2558.5 |
| Furniture and fixtures (25 ex. 2514, 2522, 2542) |
127 |
4.7 |
47.4 |
97.5 |
204.3 |
| Paper and allied products (26) |
94 |
18.4 |
617.6 |
2610.2 |
4662.6 |
| Forest Products Subtotal |
1764 |
49.3 |
1069.9 |
3659.3 |
7425.4 |
| Textile mill products (22) |
220 |
33.4 |
545.8 |
1452.3 |
3162.9 |
| Apparel and other textiles (23) |
397 |
58.3 |
644.6 |
1328.0 |
2662.2 |
| Primary metal (33) |
152 |
22.7 |
616.8 |
1598.3 |
4643.7 |
| Fabricated metal (34) |
495 |
23.3 |
460.8 |
1012.6 |
2128.7 |
| Chemicals and allied products (28) |
167 |
10.7 |
339.9 |
1697.7 |
3433.7 |
| Rubber and misc. plastics (30) |
146 |
17.8 |
492.2 |
1188.6 |
2246.5 |
| Food and kindred products (20) |
264 |
27.9 |
457.1 |
1134.6 |
3895.4 |
| All Industries in Alabama |
5843 |
347.3 |
6962.5 |
18652.1 |
40901.4 |
| Forest products as percent of total |
30 |
14 |
15 |
20 |
18 |
| Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
l990. 1987 Census of Manufacturers, Geographic Area Series--Alabama |
 |
|
Figure 3. Comparison of manufacturing
industries in Alabama, 1987. (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, 1987). |
THE FUTURE
Timber Demand
The forest products industry has clearly gained in importance to Alabama's
economy over the decades. The growth of Alabama's forest industry over the
years has resulted in ever-increasing demands on our timber resources. Not
only does Alabama supply paper and wood products to U.S. markets, but foreign
trading partners are looking to Alabama and other southern states to satisfy
their growing demand for forest products as well. The forest industry has
responded to these market opportunities by investing heavily in new production
capacity. From 1984 to 1989, the forest industry announced investments of
more than $5 billion in new and expanding plants. In 1989, $1.8 billion
of new forest industry projects were announced (Figure 4). These industry
expansions mean that more timber than ever will need to be harvested from
Alabama's forests during the coming years. It is estimated that Alabama's
1993 timber harvest will be approximately 15 percent above the level of
just 5 years earlier (Figure 5).
 |
| |
| Figure 4. Forest industry investment
in Alabama, 1984-1990. (Alabama Development Office Announced New and Expanding
Industry, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, and 1989. Montgomery, Alabama). |
 |
| |
| Figure 5. Historic and projeccted
timber harvest, 1984-1993. (Forest Products Development Center. 1990. Wood
Consumption Trends in Alabama. Auburn University, Alabama). |
Timber Supply
Will Alabama's timber supplies be adequate to meet the growing demands
of an expanding forest industry? Despite tremendous growth in wood consumption,
Alabama's total timber inventory today is 14 percent larger than it was
20 years ago. There are signs, however, that the state's softwood inventory
may be on the verge of reversing its long-term net growth trend (Figure
6). Because of the length of time required to grow timber, future timber
supplies depend largely upon management practices employed today. And because
of the ownership pattern of forestland in the state, management practices
on nonindustrial private forestlands will greatly influence the extent,
composition, and quality of tomorrow's forest.
 |
| |
| Figure 6. Trend in removal as
percent of net annual growth, Alabama, 1972-1990. (U.S.D.A. Forest Service,
Southern Experiment Station, New Orleans, Louisiana, Resource Bulletins
SO-149, SO-150, SO-153, SO-155, SO-156. Preliminary data used for North-Central
region.) |
SOURCES
Alabama Agricultural Statistics Service. 1990. Alabama Agricultural Statistics:
1984-88 revised, 1989 preliminary. Bulletin 32. Montgomery, Alabama.
Alabama Forestry Commission. 1990a. Cash receipt report on forest products
harvested in Alabama for 1989. Montgomery, Alabama.
Alabama Forestry Commission. 1990b. Unpublished data on historical severance
tax records. Montgomery, Alabama.
Alabama Forestry Commission. 1986. Directory of Alabama's Forest Industries,
1986. Montgomery, Alabama.
American Pulpwood Association, Inc. 1989. Pulpwood Statistics. Publication
#89-A-12. Washington, D.C.
McWilliams, W. H., K. L. Duncan, and J. S. Vissage.1990a. Forest Statistics
for North Alabama Counties-1990. Resource Bulletin SO-149. U.S.D.A. Forest
Service. Southern Forest Experiment Station. New Orleans, Louisiana.
McWilliams, W. H., K. L. Duncan, and J. S. Vissage. 1990b. Forest Statistics
for WestCentral Alabama Counties-1990. Resource Bulletin SO-150. U.S.D.A.
Forest Service. Southern Forest Experiment Station. New Orleans, Louisiana.
McWilliams, W. H., P. E. Miller, and J. S. Vissage. 1990a. Forest Statistics
for Southeast-Alabama Counties-1990. Resource Bulletin SO-156. U.S.D.A.
Forest Service. Southern Forest Experiment Station. New Orleans, Louisiana.
McWilliams, W. H., P. E. Miller, and J. S. Vissage.1990b. Forest Statistics
for Southwest-North Alabama Counties-1990. Resource Bulletin SO-153. U.S.D.A.
Forest Service. Southern Forest Experiment Station. New Orleans, Louisiana.
McWilliams, W. H., P. E. Miller, and J. S. Vissage. 1990c. Forest Statistics
for Southwest-South Alabama Counties-1990. Resource Bulletin S0-155. U.S.D.A.
Forest Service. Southern Forest Experiment Station. New Orleans, Louisiana.
McWilliams, W. H., P. E. Miller, and J. S. Vissage. 1991. Forest Statistics
for North-Central Alabama Counties-1990. Preliminary unpublished resource
bulletin. U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Southern Forest Experiment Station. New
Orleans, Louisiana.
Muehlenfeld, K. J.1990. Wood Consumption Trends in Alabama. From presentation
to Alabama Forestry Association 1990 annual meeting. Forest Products Development
Center. Auburn University, Alabama.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1990. 1987 Census
of manufacturers, MC87-A-1, Geographic Area Series-Alabama.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1980. 1977 Census
of manufacturers, MC77-A-1, Geographic Area Series-Alabama.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service. 1988. The South's Fourth Forest. Forest Resource
Report No. 24. Washington, DC. 512 p.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service. 1991. Unpublished preliminary revision of forest
statistics forAlabama counties-1982. Southern Forest Experiment Station.
New Orleans, Louisiana.
For more information, contact your county Extension office. Visit http://www.aces.edu/counties or look in your telephone directory under your county's name to find contact information.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work in agriculture and
home economics, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, and other related
acts, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Alabama
Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn
University) offers educational programs, materials, and equal
opportunity employment to all people without regard to race, color,
national origin, religion, sex, age, veteran status, or disability.
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