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Author: EVEREST PubID: ANR-0065 |
Title: | KUDZU IN ALABAMA |
Pages: 6
Status: IN STOCK |
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| Kudzu in Alabama History, Uses, and Control |
Almost anyone living in a rural area of Alabama knows what kudzu is and
knows that it is a pest. Kudzu in Alabama has also been called "porch
vine," "telephone vine," and "wonder vine." It
is only the visitor or tourist who asks the name of the aggressive and highly
visible green vine. Landowners know all too well that kudzu can stifle agricultural
production as well as timber growth. It often becomes a weed in noncropland
areas such as road rights-of-way, old fields, vacant lots, or the yards
of abandoned or little-used buildings. Problems caused by kudzu are the
result of its rapid growth and its ability to climb over trees or shrubs,
killing them by heavy shading.
Total control or eradication of kudzu can be a three- to ten-year endeavor,
usually involving the use of herbicides. Every kudzu plant must be killed
or the spread of the surviving plants will make previous control efforts
useless. Success involves using effective herbicides at the proper time
and at the correct rate, with repeated treatments as required.
Description
Kudzu [Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr] is a large, trifoliate-leaved,
semi-woody, trailing or climbing perennial vine that belongs to the Fabaceae
(legume) family. The vines may grow up to 60 feet in a single season and
as much as 1 foot during a single day in the early summer. This amount of
vine growth is supported by starchy, tuberous roots that can reach a depth
of 12 feet in older patches and weigh as much as 200 to 300 pounds. Vines
and roots grow out from a root crown that is positioned on the soil surface.
Vines growing from mature root crowns can spread in all directions, rooting
every few feet at the nodes and essentially forming new plants. Mature stands
usually have a plant every 1 to 2 square feet and may contain tens of thousands
of plants per acre.
Kudzu is well adapted to Alabama and is found throughout the state. It will
grow on a wide range of soil types, but does best on deep, loamy soils (as
opposed to very light sands or poorly drained, heavy clay soils). It has
been planted using either seed, vine cuttings, or by transplanting "crowns."
Seeds are only produced on kudzu plants that are draped over vegetation, fences, or other objects. It rarely flowers in open patches. Seeds are formed in pods that come from fragrant purple flowers that form from July to October. Only one to two viable seeds are produced in a cluster of seedpods. Mature seeds are on the vines in October and November. It is thought that a few hard-coated seeds can lie in the kudzu patch for several years before they germinate.
History
Approximately 17 species of kudzu (Pueraria spp.) are known throughout
the world, all native to China, Taiwan, Japan, and India. For more than
2,000 years, oriental cultures have found great value in kudzu. Early Chinese
records tell of kudzu roots being dried and diced for medicinal purposes
as early as 1578. Kudzu fiber from stems was used to make "grass"
cloth and paper by 1665. During the 1700s, kudzu was imported into Japan
where the roots were ground into flour for use in making cakes.
Kudzu first appeared in the United States in 1876 as a display at the Plant
Exhibition of the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. It was later displayed
in the United States in 1883 at the New Orleans Exposition. In the late
nineteenth century, kudzu was used as an ornamental vine to shade porches
and courtyards of southern homes. It was also appreciated for the grape-like
fragrance of its flowers and because of its vigorous growth.
At the turn of the century, kudzu was available through mail-order catalogs.
By 1905, through the efforts of Mr. C.E. Pleas of Chipley, FL, kudzu was
promoted as an inexpensive forage for livestock.
In the 1930s, kudzu reached the height of its prominence. The Soil Erosion
Service, established by Congress in 1933 (later renamed the Soil Conservation
Service and now the Natural Resource Conservation Service) was charged to
reduce soil erosion in the South caused by improper agricultural practices
and extensive cotton production. About 85 million kudzu seedlings were given
to southern landowners by the Soil Erosion Service for land revitalization
and to reduce soil erosion. The Civilian Conservation Corps also planted
kudzu throughout the South. The government offered up to $8 per acre as
an incentive for farmers to plant their land in kudzu. About 3 million acres
of kudzu had been planted on farms by 1946.
In the 1940s, numerous kudzu clubs were formed throughout the South. Kudzu
festivals were held and kudzu queens were crowned. In 1943, Channing Cope
of Covington, GA, founded the Kudzu Club of America, which eventually lead
a membership of about 20,000 individuals. He became known as the "Father
of Kudzu."
By the early 1950s, kudzu had largely become a nuisance. It had spread rapidly
throughout the South because of the long growing season, warm climate, plentiful
rainfall, and lack of disease and insect enemies. It was recognized as a
problem caused by the introduction of a species outside its normal habitat,
without its usual predators. In 1953, the United States Department of Agriculture
removed kudzu from the list of cover plants permissible under the Agricultural
Conservation Program. In 1962, the Soil Conservation Service limited its
recommendation of kudzu to areas far removed from developed areas. Finally,
in 1970, the USDA listed kudzu as a common weed in the South. Congress voted
in 1997 to place kudzu on the Federal Noxious Weed list.
Today, an estimated 7 million acres of land in the Southeast are infested
with kudzu. One-quarter of a million acres cover Alabama. The infestation
spreads as far north as Illinois, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and up to
Connecticut and as far west as eastern Texas and central Oklahoma. The heaviest
infestations are in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi.
Forage Uses
Kudzu produces forage that is high in quality and quite palatable to
livestock. The forage quality varies with management and season, but it
is not unusual for kudzu hay to have a crude protein content of 15 to 18
percent and a total digestible nutrient value (TDN) of over 60 percent (dry
matter basis). The quality decreases as the amount of large vines increases
relative to leaves.
Unfortunately, the use of kudzu as a forage plant has definite limitations.
Although kudzu appears to make a great deal of growth, it actually produces
relatively low forage yields, usually around 2 to 4 tons of dry matter per
acre per year. In addition, producers find kudzu difficult to cut and bale
because of its viny growth habit. It is possible to remove two cuttings
of hay per year from kudzu without damaging the stand. If the stand is to
be preserved, the first cutting should be made in late June or early July
and the second in the fall just before frost. Since it will not shed water
well, kudzu hay should be placed under shelter for protection after it is
baled. Kudzu can also be harvested for silage, but the silage is light and
difficult to pack.
All types of grazing animals will readily eat kudzu, but frequent defoliation
over 3 to 4 years can destroy stands. Therefore, kudzu has little value
as a grazing crop except on a very temporary basis. On the positive side,
kudzu retains its forage value right up until frost and can even be of some
value for grazing for a short time after frost. A few Alabama farmers still
harvest kudzu from areas managed for this purpose by annual or biennial
harvesting. It is most frequently used in this manner during dry periods,
since its deep root system allows it to obtain moisture for growth when
other forage species cannot. Kudzu is still valued as a soil-conserving
plant because it helps control erosion on steep slopes and embankments,
but better stabilizing plants are now available.
Control
Kudzu can be controlled by persistent application of the right method.
In order to eradicate this pest, all large and small kudzu roots must be
killed. Any kind of control program must be coordinated with all landowners
who share the infestation. Unless each landowner participates fully in the
program, none will be successful.
There are several ways in which kudzu can be controlled, but the best approach
to take depends on the circumstances: the size of the infested area; proximity
of desirable trees, shrubs, or crops; accessibility for grazing, cultivation,
or harvesting; and future plans for the infested area.
One way to eliminate or weaken kudzu is frequent defoliation. Using close
grazing or mowing is slow, but can be effective on younger patches (less
than 25 years old). Grazing requires fencing to surround the infested area
that must include a source of water for livestock. Vines or trees must be
cut around tree-draped borders. Fencing should encompass the entire patch
or excluded kudzu crowns must be controlled by other means. Close grazing
of young kudzu patches for three to four years can eliminate kudzu when
80 percent or more of the vegetative growth is continuously consumed. It
is particularly helpful if kudzu infestations are heavily overgrazed during
August and September of each year. Close mowing every one to two months
during the growing season or repeated cultivations are also effective.
Rolling terrain often precludes these measures. Grazing, mowing, tillage,
or prescribed burning can also prepare areas for more efficient herbicide
applications. However, tillage and prescribed burning should not be used
on steeply sloping lands where erosion is a risk.
The only other means of controlling kudzu, other than digging the roots
out, is application of herbicides. Only a few herbicides will control kudzu.
These chemicals are rather safe to humans, but generally lethal on most
plants. For environmental safety and effective control, it helps to divide
kudzu-infested sites into six general groups:
- Patches in open areas on level ground
- Patches in gullies, along streams, or in other sensitive areas
- Patches in young pine plantations
- Patches in old stands of pine
- Patches in noncropland areas
- Patches in residential or home ground areas.
The first step in any kudzu control program is to examine the kudzu patch
and determine which general site group fits the location. Timbered areas
should be logged prior to herbicide treatment if there is a sizable acreage
of mature kudzu-draped trees on the site. Logging is easiest during the
winter. The logging deck should be positioned within the patch to prevent
spreading of the vines.
Kudzu vines form a dense cover and often hide hazards such as old wells
and fence posts. Whenever possible, burn the kudzu infested site in the
late winter to expose any hazards and to clear debris. Because kudzu seeds
have a hard seed coat, burning can help stimulate kudzu seeds to germinate
so that these plants can be controlled by subsequent treatments. A good
time to burn is in February and early March, to minimize winter exposure
of erodible soils.
The second step is to select and use a herbicide appropriate for the site.
The choice or selection of a herbicide is dictated by where the kudzu is
growing and the degree of control depends on the age of the kudzu stand,
the soil type at the site, and the herbicide rate used. In the winter or
early spring, examine the root crowns, which are the woody knots at the
soil surface. If many of the root crowns are over 2 inches in diameter,
it will probably require a higher herbicide rate and perhaps more broadcast
and spot treatments. Higher rates and more treatments will be required on
clayey soils, especially if there are numerous rocks in the soil or old
terraces. A stronger effort is also required around the tree draped borders
of old fields where kudzu roots generally grow the largest.
Open Area Sites on Level Ground. Use either Tordon 101 Mixture or Tordon K manufactured by Dow AgroSciences on kudzu growing in open areas with little or no slope. Although Tordon (picloram) is quite effective, its usefulness is limited because:
- Many desirable plants or crops (including trees) are severely injured or killed by minute quantities of this material.
- The material is relatively persistent and, therefore, can injure plants introduced into the area during the following growing season.
- Under certain conditions, Tordon may be leached through sandy soils or lost in surface runoff water to contaminate streams and possibly groundwater.
Both Tordon materials are RESTRICTED USE herbicides and require a special permit for purchase and use. Apply Tordon 101 at the rate of 1 to 2 gallons per acre or Tordon K at the rate of 0.5 gallon per acre. Make the herbicide application anytime from late May to September. A late May application may be the best since the young green vines may only be 2 feet deep and actively growing. By late summer, intertwined kudzu vines may be 4 to 8 feet deep, making application much more difficult. Tordon should not be used near ponds, streams, or other sensitive areas. This chemical can be moved in rainwater so don't use where slope will permit movement to off-site areas or to roots of desirable trees.
Sites Near Ponds, Streams, and Ditchbanks. These sites are particularly
sensitive due to their proximity to water. Veteran 720, sold by Riverdale
Chemical Company, is one of the most effective herbicides for this situation.
This herbicide should not be sprayed directly into water or on ditchbanks
where runoff water will contaminate surface water. Apply Veteran 720 at
the rate of 2 to 3 gallons per acre during August or September. Old patches
will require the high use rate and good coverage of the vines. Veteran 720
should never be applied within the root zone of any desirable plants. A
similar herbicide treatment can be tank mixed using 2 quarts of Banvel 4
(BASF) or Vanquish (Novartis) per acre with 4 quarts of 2,4-D per acre.
A late summer treatment is desirable. The herbicide Garlon 4 (Dow AgroSciences)
is another alternative when treating ditchbanks. Apply 2 pints of Garlon
4 per acre with 3 quarts of 2,4-D low volatile ester per acre. Make application
in midsummer and ensure thorough spray coverage of kudzu.
In situations where the herbicide applied may contact water, use either
Rodeo (5 lb./gal) or Accord (4 lb./gal). Apply Rodeo at 6 pints per acre
or Accord at 1 gallon per acre. Add a nonionic surfactant to the spray mix
at the rate of 2 quarts per 100 gallons of spray mix. These treatments are
not likely to give complete control of well-established kudzu. Successive
broadcast applications for several years plus spot treatments will be necessary
to achieve desired-results.
Young Pine Plantations. Kudzu invading young pine plantations can
best be treated with mixtures of the following herbicides: Escort (DuPont
Chemical Company), Accord (Monsanto Chemical Company), and Arsenal AC (American
Cyanamid Company). For treating plantations of one- to two-year-old pines,
apply Escort at 1 to 2 ounces per acre with Accord at 1 pint per acre. Another
option would be to apply Escort at 1 to 1.5 ounces per acre with Arsenal
AC at 10 fluid ounces per acre. When making either application, add a nonionic
surfactant at the rate of 1 quart per 100 gallons of spray mix.
For treating pine plantations of three- to four-year-old pines, apply Escort
at 1 to 2 ounces per acre with Accord at 1 quart per acre. Another option
would be to apply Escort at 1 to 1.5 ounces per acre with Arsenal AC at
1 pint per acre. Escort can be applied alone at the rate of 3 to 4 ounces
per acre. When making any application with Escort, add a nonionic surfactant
at the rate of 1 quart per 100 gallons of spray mix. A single treatment
should be applied during midsummer when kudzu is actively growing. When
possible, direct the spray away from the young pines. Some growth suppression
may be observed in young pines treated with these herbicide mixtures. If
old, established kudzu root crowns are present, they should be spot treated
with Tordon. Care should be taken when making these spot treatments to minimize
the injury or death of young pines.
In areas of young pines infested with kudzu and adjacent to industrial or
rights-of-way, the herbicide, Transline (Dow AgroSciences) can be applied
with a surfactant. Apply Transline at 21 fluid ounces per acre plus a nonionic
surfactant at the rate of 1 quart per 100 gallons. Make application in early
to midsummer before kudzu blooms. This treatment will injure some hardwoods,
while little injury is seen in young pines. An alternate treatment in young
pines is Oust (DuPont Chemical Company). Apply Oust at the rate of 8 ounces
per acre. Pines have good tolerance to this herbicide, while some hardwoods
may be killed. Application should be made between June and August.
Older Pine Plantations. To control kudzu draped on trees, consider
using Garlon 4 (Dow AgroSciences). Spray a 4 percent mixture of Garlon 4
in diesel fuel, mineral oil, or vegetable oil on the vines. Vines should
be sprayed up to 8 feet high. Apply this mixture in late winter or early
spring, before new growth appears. Pines over 6 inches dbh (diameter breast
height) are not injured if the mixture gets on the bark. Hardwoods may be
injured by this mixture. Kudzu growing under loblolly pines larger than
10 inches dbh can be broadcast sprayed using Tordon 101 at 1 gallon per
acre, with little or no mortality. The needles may turn somewhat brown the
first year, but should recover if not attacked by pine beetles. Because
it kills large kudzu plants, Tordon 101 should be used to spot spray older
kudzu in pines, even if this means accepting the resulting death of some
trees.
Noncropland. Spike (Dow AgroSciences) can be used to eradicate kudzu,
often with a single application. Spike 80WP, a wettable powder formulation,
and Spike 20P pellets are labeled for noncrop areas such as rights-of-way
and fencerows. Effective rates for Spike 80WP have been found to be 5 pounds
per acre and for Spike 20P, 20 pounds per acre. Spike can be applied any
time of the year, but early spring is best. The long persistence of this
soil-active herbicide can provide control for over 3 years. In one test,
loblolly pine seedlings planted on Spike-treated plots in the third planting
season after application showed some toxicity symptoms, but 75 percent survived
one growing season. Caution: Desirable trees and shrubs having
roots extending into or near areas treated with Spike will be killed. Spike
can move with runoff water and should not be applied to sloped areas where
the herbicide will move off site into sensitive areas.
Residential or Home Ground Sites. In this situation, kudzu is usually
close to desirable vegetation such as shrubs, trees, and ornamental grasses.
Kudzu may also be on land owned by two or more individuals or families.
Unless the entire patch can be treated, complete control or eradication
is not possible. In such situations, a herbicide can only be used to check
the growth or establishment of kudzu in new or sensitive areas. The use
of glyphosate herbicide, sold by Monsanto Chemical Company under the trade
names of Roundup Ultra, Roundup Pro, and Accord, is most appropriate in
this case. Apply Roundup Ultra (4 lb./gal) or Roundup Pro (4 lb./gal) at
the rate of 1 gallon per acre. If Accord is applied at the rate of 1 gallon
per acre, a nonionic surfactant should be added at the rate of 2 quarts
per 100 gallons of spray mix. Make application during mid- to late summer.
In some cases, mowing invading vines is as effective as making a herbicide
application.
Retreatment. An applicator or landowner must be persistent in examining
patches for up to 10 years after treatment. In mature stands, some herbicide
application may be needed for 7 to 10 years. Most control is accomplished
with one or two broadcast treatments, but plants may continue to appear
for many years. Open, level patches less than 10 years old can be controlled
by only one broadcast application of Tordon herbicide. Success with Tordon
herbicide is evident by complete browning of the patch within a few weeks
after the initial application. Retreatment should then be delayed for a
complete growing season. Broadcast retreatment is usually made using half
the rate of the first. In other words, if a successful application is made
during year one, then another broadcast treatment using half the rate should
be applied in year three. Research has shown that many of the large kudzu
roots that are severely injured will not sprout for two years, and thus
the recommended delay.
Retreatments in successive years are needed if Tordon herbicide and/or double
coverage are not used and if rainfall does not occur within a week after
treatment. Retreatments can be applied anytime after the patch is completely
covered with new kudzu foliage.
Veteran 720 will require one to three broadcast treatments over successive
years depending on the size of the kudzu plants and the degree of control
obtained. Glyphosate treatments may require many retreatments since all
of the kudzu cannot be treated in many cases and glyphosate will not control
the very large kudzu plants with the big roots. Because kudzu can emerge
for several years from very large roots, spot treatment applications may
be needed thereafter until the problem is eliminated. The cost of the herbicide
for the first treatment can range between $80 to $150 per acre. It may take
as many as two to three follow-up spot treatments to completely eradicate
this durable vine.
Application
Spraying kudzu may be difficult because of the tangle of leafy vines
that covers the ground from mid to late summer. Sometimes the vine mat is
up to 8 feet deep and can be draped over shrubs and into trees. Complete
and thorough coverage by the spray mixture is required for consistent results.
Open patches have been successfully treated using sprayers on crawlers,
skidders, and farm tractors; using truck-mounted spray units dragging hose;
and by backpack sprayers and mistblowers. Large tractor sprayers are useful
for breaking through draped kudzu when treating mature patches. The benefits
of using tractor sprayers increases as the depth of kudzu increases. Hose
and backpack applications become much more difficult and slow when kudzu
is over 2 feet deep. Helicopter applications may be necessary on exceptionally
large and hilly tracts.
How much spray mixture is needed per acre? Volumes of 40 to 200 gallons
per acre are used by some tractor and hose applicators. There obviously
can be benefits in coverage with high volumes. However, the current recommendation
is 40 to 80 gallons of spray mixture per acre, because successful eradication
has been achieved using these volumes, and higher volumes mean higher application
costs.
Double coverage with a tractor sprayer is one of the best methods for "open-patch"
kudzu treatments, if terrain permits. Half the mixture is applied by parallel
passes in one direction, and the remaining half is applied using parallel
passes that are at right angles to the first. Swath overlaps of 3 to 5 feet
are used to further minimize skips that are common with kudzu treatments.
Always treat skips soon after browning makes them evident.
Where it is impossible to make right-angled passes, double coverage can
be achieved by retreating a swath in the opposite direction or by using
50-percent swath overlaps. Only by using double coverage, or perhaps high
volume coverage with hose applications, is it possible to hold clown the
number of retreatments. Both options can lower eradication costs and produce
quicker results. One broadcast retreatment can usually be eliminated by
using double coverage.
Old terraces, common in Piedmont kudzu patches, make tractor spraying difficult.
Good control is hard to achieve in terraces, especially in stony soils.
It is best to spray along the lower side, into the terrace, applying in
both directions, resulting in a slightly higher rate.
Before beginning open patch treatments, make one or more passes around the
outer edge of a patch. Boomjet, Boombuster, and Radi-Arc nozzles can be
tilted up on these outer passes to treat up into the draped vines. Use a
handgun to treat scattered tree-draped vines. Most pines and hardwoods that
are larger than 10 inches dbh will not be killed by spraying the vine up
the trunk unless the trees are already weak. Handguns are usually necessary
to treat kudzu in gullies and canyons and steep patches from roadsides.
Pressure-hose spraying, backpack sprayers, and backpack mistblowers are
used when workers can enter patches on foot. Handcrews can best treat when
the kudzu is about 2 feet deep, although some applications are made in deeper
spots. Mature patches in the mid-South grow 2 feet deep by late May or early
June. Treatments should not he made with Tordon until at least late May
because all kudzu plants must be growing at the time of treatment for control
to be effective. The Veteran 720 or similar treatment should not be made
until August.
To spot-treat scattered plants, use a backpack sprayer mixture of 1 pint
Tordon 101 or 0.5 pint Tordon K or 1 pint Veteran 720 in 4 to 5 gallons
of water. When the vines and root-crown area are sprayed to the point of
runoff, effective control can be obtained with these treatments.
Use of Desirable Trees or Plants
To complete kudzu eradication, establish desirable plants on the area to prevent soil loss and regain productivity. The timely planting of grass in the fall after treatment can produce severe competition and help control weakened kudzu plants. Many grasses are not injured by Tordon and Spike residues. A grass cover helps control kudzu, protects the soil, and replaces the abundant weed growth that typically follows kudzu eradication. Pines can be planted 6 months after the last treatment with either Tordon or Veteran 720. However, planted grass will compete with planted pines if further control treatments are not used.
Summary
Probably the main reason people have difficulty in controlling kudzu
is that they give up too easily. Eradication, not merely a population reduction,
is essential for permanent control. It is important to follow initial treatments
with spot applications for as long as new sprouts continue to appear. If
follow-up treatments are not exercised, kudzu's quick growth may allow it
to reclaim the area within a short time.
The most cost-effective treatment for kudzu on open level ground is either
Tordon 101 or Tordon K applied using perpendicular spray passes. Retreatment
after a successful initial treatment should be applied two full years after
the first. Veteran 720 is a safe herbicide to use near streams, ditches,
or gulleys and can provide excellent control with two broadcast treatments
in successive years. Spike herbicide shows considerable promise for eradication
as a single treatment on noncropland sites. The long persistence of Spike
can provide control of kudzu for at least three years. Glyphosate sold under
several different trade names is the safe herbicide of choice for kudzu
problems in residential, home grounds, and other similar environmentally
sensitive sites.
For controlling kudzu draped in trees, use a 4- percent solution of Garlon
4 in diesel fuel on vines that are 1 inch in diameter and smaller. Treatment
can be made in late winter and early spring, before new growth appears.
Tordon at lower rates can also be used for treating kudzu infestations under
large pines in forested areas. Spraying trees draped with kudzu should not
be performed unless some tree mortality can be tolerated.
Kudzu is a weed that can be controlled. Cost of herbicides and time are
the factors limiting successful control. If the desire is there to control
kudzu, the battle can be won. Don't give up too quickly.
For more information, contact your county Extension office. Look in your telephone directory under your county's name to find the number.
For more information, contact your county Extension office. Visit http://www.aces.edu/counties or look in your telephone directory under your county's name to find contact information.
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